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Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their Sources in Ganga River Water, Uttar Pradesh, India

1, 1

  1. 1Department of Zoology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA.

CORRESPONDENCE

Poonam Sonwani

Department of Zoology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA.

poonamp867@gmail.com

Received: 14-06-2023; Revised: 17-08-2023; Accepted: 15-09-2023.

Volume 12, Issue 2 · pp. 245-252 · 2023 · DOI: 10.5530/ajbls.2023.12.34

ABSTRACT

Aims: To evaluate the US EPA-listed sixteen carcinogenic and mutagenic Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination in Ganga River water, which supports the livelihood of more than 400 million people in many ways, such as drinking, bathing, industrial, agricultural, ritualistic, and other household activities.Materials and Methods: The Ganga River water was collected from three cities, namely Jajmau (Kanpur), Katari Bhalepur (Fatehpur), and Kursinda Kachar. Sample preparation was carried out following the APHA AWWA 610 method and analyzed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a UV detector.Results: In the present study, eight PAHs with their mean concentration were as follows: Acy (4.897 ± 5.3709) > Ace (0.7081 ± 0.8232) > Fln (0.6239 ± 0.3327) > Phe (0.2443 ± 0.226) > Flu (0.1555 ± 0.0737) > Chy (0.0232 ± 0.0082) > Ant (0.01166 ± 0.00324) > BaA (0.0096 ± 0.0046) in Jajmau (Kanpur), while eleven PAHs were orderly as: Acy (0.9456 ± 0.2108) > Ace (0.3775 ± 0.0546) > Phe (0.1503 ± 0.0997) > Flu (0.1202 ± 0.0170) > BaA (0.0815 ± 0.0096) > BahA (0.0559 ± 0.0014) > Chy (0.0557 ± 0.039) > Fln (0.0446 ± 0.0096) > BbF (0.0221 ± 0.0075) > BkF (0.012 ± 0.0022) > BaP (0.0098 ± 0.00176) in Katari Bhalepur (Fatehpur). At Kaushambi, Acy (0.4135 ± 0.1575) > Ace (0.2177 ± 0.0864) > Flu (0.15873 ± 0.0456) > Fln (0.1136 ± 0.1008) > BahA (0.099 ± 0.0587) > BghiP (0.0916 ± 0.0496) > BkF (0.0787 ± 0.0449) > Phe (0.0747 ± 0.01310) > IP (0.0467 ± 0.0162) > BaA (0.0368 ± 0.0284) > Chy (0.0333 ± 0.0204) > BaP (0.0283 ± 0.01723) > BbF (0.028 ± 0.0120) > Ant (0.0027 ± 0.00015) was detected.Conclusion: It was determined that Ganga River water at all study stations was contaminated by PAHs. The total PAHs measured in Ganga River water at all three cities were above the recommended safe limits, and it was also noticed that Ganga River water is contaminated by LMW PAHs at Kanpur, while Fatehpur and Kaushambi were contaminated by both LMW and HMW PAHs, which are more toxic than LMW PAHs.

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    Sonwani, P., & Singh, C. (2023). Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their Sources in Ganga River Water, Uttar Pradesh, India. Asian Journal of Biological and Life Sciences, 12(2), 245-252. https://doi.org/10.5530/ajbls.2023.12.34

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    © 2023 Author(s)

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. CC BY 4.0